Network connectivity issues using Hotspot in Android 15 with VPN

When being en route or traveling around, I often use Android’s Hotspot feature to connect my notebook to the outside world.

This worked completely fine for the last years.

Since the update to Android 15 (or maybe Android 14 I cannot say for sure), connecting to the Hotspot worked but almost all websites stopped loading. Fetching emails via IMAP worked but basically everything based on HTTPS resulted in timeouts or at best in partial loads after a long time.

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